vp9_rdopt.c

/*
 *  Copyright (c) 2010 The WebM project authors. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 *  Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
 *  that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
 *  tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
 *  in the file PATENTS.  All contributing project authors may
 *  be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
 */


#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "vp9/common/vp9_pragmas.h"

#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_tokenize.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_treewriter.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_onyx_int.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_modecosts.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_encodeintra.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_entropymode.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_reconinter.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_reconintra.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_findnearmv.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_quant_common.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_encodemb.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_quantize.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_variance.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_mcomp.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_rdopt.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_ratectrl.h"
#include "vpx_mem/vpx_mem.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_systemdependent.h"
#include "vp9/encoder/vp9_encodemv.h"

#include "vp9/common/vp9_seg_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_pred_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_entropy.h"
#include "vp9_rtcd.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_mvref_common.h"
#include "vp9/common/vp9_common.h"

#define MAXF(a,b)            (((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))

#define INVALID_MV 0x80008000

/* Factor to weigh the rate for switchable interp filters */
#define SWITCHABLE_INTERP_RATE_FACTOR 1

static const int auto_speed_thresh[17] = {
  1000,
  200,
  150,
  130,
  150,
  125,
  120,
  115,
  115,
  115,
  115,
  115,
  115,
  115,
  115,
  115,
  105
};

const MODE_DEFINITION vp9_mode_order[MAX_MODES] = {
  {ZEROMV,    LAST_FRAME,   NONE},
  {DC_PRED,   INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},

  {NEARESTMV, LAST_FRAME,   NONE},
  {NEARMV,    LAST_FRAME,   NONE},

  {ZEROMV,    GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE},
  {NEARESTMV, GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE},

  {ZEROMV,    ALTREF_FRAME, NONE},
  {NEARESTMV, ALTREF_FRAME, NONE},

  {NEARMV,    GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE},
  {NEARMV,    ALTREF_FRAME, NONE},

  {V_PRED,    INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {H_PRED,    INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {D45_PRED,  INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {D135_PRED, INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {D117_PRED, INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {D153_PRED, INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {D27_PRED,  INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {D63_PRED,  INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},

  {TM_PRED,   INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},

  {NEWMV,     LAST_FRAME,   NONE},
  {NEWMV,     GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE},
  {NEWMV,     ALTREF_FRAME, NONE},

  {SPLITMV,   LAST_FRAME,   NONE},
  {SPLITMV,   GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE},
  {SPLITMV,   ALTREF_FRAME, NONE},

  {B_PRED,    INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},
  {I8X8_PRED, INTRA_FRAME,  NONE},

  /* compound prediction modes */
  {ZEROMV,    LAST_FRAME,   GOLDEN_FRAME},
  {NEARESTMV, LAST_FRAME,   GOLDEN_FRAME},
  {NEARMV,    LAST_FRAME,   GOLDEN_FRAME},

  {ZEROMV,    ALTREF_FRAME, LAST_FRAME},
  {NEARESTMV, ALTREF_FRAME, LAST_FRAME},
  {NEARMV,    ALTREF_FRAME, LAST_FRAME},

  {ZEROMV,    GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME},
  {NEARESTMV, GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME},
  {NEARMV,    GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME},

  {NEWMV,     LAST_FRAME,   GOLDEN_FRAME},
  {NEWMV,     ALTREF_FRAME, LAST_FRAME  },
  {NEWMV,     GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME},

  {SPLITMV,   LAST_FRAME,   GOLDEN_FRAME},
  {SPLITMV,   ALTREF_FRAME, LAST_FRAME  },
  {SPLITMV,   GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME},

#if CONFIG_COMP_INTERINTRA_PRED
  /* compound inter-intra prediction */
  {ZEROMV,    LAST_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEARESTMV, LAST_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEARMV,    LAST_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEWMV,     LAST_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},

  {ZEROMV,    GOLDEN_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEARESTMV, GOLDEN_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEARMV,    GOLDEN_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEWMV,     GOLDEN_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},

  {ZEROMV,    ALTREF_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEARESTMV, ALTREF_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEARMV,    ALTREF_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
  {NEWMV,     ALTREF_FRAME,   INTRA_FRAME},
#endif
};

static void fill_token_costs(vp9_coeff_count *c,
                             vp9_coeff_probs *p,
                             int block_type_counts) {
  int i, j, k, l;

  for (i = 0; i < block_type_counts; i++)
    for (j = 0; j < REF_TYPES; j++)
      for (k = 0; k < COEF_BANDS; k++)
        for (l = 0; l < PREV_COEF_CONTEXTS; l++) {
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
          // All costs are without the EOB node
          vp9_cost_tokens_skip((int *)(c[i][j][k][l]),
                               p[i][j][k][l],
                               vp9_coef_tree);
#else
          if (l == 0 && k > 0)
            vp9_cost_tokens_skip((int *)(c[i][j][k][l]),
                                 p[i][j][k][l],
                                 vp9_coef_tree);
          else
            vp9_cost_tokens((int *)(c[i][j][k][l]),
                            p[i][j][k][l],
                            vp9_coef_tree);
#endif
        }
}

#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
static void fill_nzc_costs(VP9_COMP *cpi, int block_size) {
  int nzc_context, r, b, nzc, values;
  int cost[16];
  values = block_size * block_size + 1;

  for (nzc_context = 0; nzc_context < MAX_NZC_CONTEXTS; ++nzc_context) {
    for (r = 0; r < REF_TYPES; ++r) {
      for (b = 0; b < BLOCK_TYPES; ++b) {
        if (block_size == 4)
          vp9_cost_tokens(cost,
                          cpi->common.fc.nzc_probs_4x4[nzc_context][r][b],
                          vp9_nzc4x4_tree);
        else if (block_size == 8)
          vp9_cost_tokens(cost,
                          cpi->common.fc.nzc_probs_8x8[nzc_context][r][b],
                          vp9_nzc8x8_tree);
        else if (block_size == 16)
          vp9_cost_tokens(cost,
                          cpi->common.fc.nzc_probs_16x16[nzc_context][r][b],
                          vp9_nzc16x16_tree);
        else
          vp9_cost_tokens(cost,
                          cpi->common.fc.nzc_probs_32x32[nzc_context][r][b],
                          vp9_nzc32x32_tree);

        for (nzc = 0; nzc < values; ++nzc) {
          int e, c, totalcost = 0;
          c = codenzc(nzc);
          totalcost = cost[c];
          if ((e = extranzcbits(c))) {
            int x = nzc - basenzcvalue(c);
            while (e--) {
              if ((x >> e) & 1)
                totalcost += vp9_cost_one(Pcat_nzc[nzc_context][c - 3][e]);
              else
                totalcost += vp9_cost_zero(Pcat_nzc[nzc_context][c - 3][e]);
            }
          }
          if (block_size == 4)
            cpi->mb.nzc_costs_4x4[nzc_context][r][b][nzc] = totalcost;
          else if (block_size == 8)
            cpi->mb.nzc_costs_8x8[nzc_context][r][b][nzc] = totalcost;
          else if (block_size == 16)
            cpi->mb.nzc_costs_16x16[nzc_context][r][b][nzc] = totalcost;
          else
            cpi->mb.nzc_costs_32x32[nzc_context][r][b][nzc] = totalcost;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
#endif


static int rd_iifactor[32] =  { 4, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0,
                                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, };

// 3* dc_qlookup[Q]*dc_qlookup[Q];

/* values are now correlated to quantizer */
static int sad_per_bit16lut[QINDEX_RANGE];
static int sad_per_bit4lut[QINDEX_RANGE];

void vp9_init_me_luts() {
  int i;

  // Initialize the sad lut tables using a formulaic calculation for now
  // This is to make it easier to resolve the impact of experimental changes
  // to the quantizer tables.
  for (i = 0; i < QINDEX_RANGE; i++) {
    sad_per_bit16lut[i] =
      (int)((0.0418 * vp9_convert_qindex_to_q(i)) + 2.4107);
    sad_per_bit4lut[i] = (int)((0.063 * vp9_convert_qindex_to_q(i)) + 2.742);
  }
}

static int compute_rd_mult(int qindex) {
  int q = vp9_dc_quant(qindex, 0);
  return (11 * q * q) >> 6;
}

void vp9_initialize_me_consts(VP9_COMP *cpi, int qindex) {
  cpi->mb.sadperbit16 = sad_per_bit16lut[qindex];
  cpi->mb.sadperbit4 = sad_per_bit4lut[qindex];
}


void vp9_initialize_rd_consts(VP9_COMP *cpi, int qindex) {
  int q, i;

  vp9_clear_system_state();  // __asm emms;

  // Further tests required to see if optimum is different
  // for key frames, golden frames and arf frames.
  // if (cpi->common.refresh_golden_frame ||
  //     cpi->common.refresh_alt_ref_frame)
  qindex = (qindex < 0) ? 0 : ((qindex > MAXQ) ? MAXQ : qindex);

  cpi->RDMULT = compute_rd_mult(qindex);

  if (cpi->pass == 2 && (cpi->common.frame_type != KEY_FRAME)) {
    if (cpi->twopass.next_iiratio > 31)
      cpi->RDMULT += (cpi->RDMULT * rd_iifactor[31]) >> 4;
    else
      cpi->RDMULT +=
          (cpi->RDMULT * rd_iifactor[cpi->twopass.next_iiratio]) >> 4;
  }

  if (cpi->RDMULT < 7)
    cpi->RDMULT = 7;

  cpi->mb.errorperbit = (cpi->RDMULT / 110);
  cpi->mb.errorperbit += (cpi->mb.errorperbit == 0);

  vp9_set_speed_features(cpi);

  q = (int)pow(vp9_dc_quant(qindex, 0) >> 2, 1.25);
  q <<= 2;
  cpi->RDMULT = cpi->RDMULT << 4;

  if (q < 8)
    q = 8;

  if (cpi->RDMULT > 1000) {
    cpi->RDDIV = 1;
    cpi->RDMULT /= 100;

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MODES; i++) {
      if (cpi->sf.thresh_mult[i] < INT_MAX) {
        cpi->rd_threshes[i] = cpi->sf.thresh_mult[i] * q / 100;
      } else {
        cpi->rd_threshes[i] = INT_MAX;
      }

      cpi->rd_baseline_thresh[i] = cpi->rd_threshes[i];
    }
  } else {
    cpi->RDDIV = 100;

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MODES; i++) {
      if (cpi->sf.thresh_mult[i] < (INT_MAX / q)) {
        cpi->rd_threshes[i] = cpi->sf.thresh_mult[i] * q;
      } else {
        cpi->rd_threshes[i] = INT_MAX;
      }

      cpi->rd_baseline_thresh[i] = cpi->rd_threshes[i];
    }
  }

  fill_token_costs(cpi->mb.token_costs[TX_4X4],
                   cpi->common.fc.coef_probs_4x4, BLOCK_TYPES);
  fill_token_costs(cpi->mb.token_costs[TX_8X8],
                   cpi->common.fc.coef_probs_8x8, BLOCK_TYPES);
  fill_token_costs(cpi->mb.token_costs[TX_16X16],
                   cpi->common.fc.coef_probs_16x16, BLOCK_TYPES);
  fill_token_costs(cpi->mb.token_costs[TX_32X32],
                   cpi->common.fc.coef_probs_32x32, BLOCK_TYPES);
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
  fill_nzc_costs(cpi, 4);
  fill_nzc_costs(cpi, 8);
  fill_nzc_costs(cpi, 16);
  fill_nzc_costs(cpi, 32);
#endif

  /*rough estimate for costing*/
  cpi->common.kf_ymode_probs_index = cpi->common.base_qindex >> 4;
  vp9_init_mode_costs(cpi);

  if (cpi->common.frame_type != KEY_FRAME) {
    vp9_build_nmv_cost_table(
        cpi->mb.nmvjointcost,
        cpi->mb.e_mbd.allow_high_precision_mv ?
        cpi->mb.nmvcost_hp : cpi->mb.nmvcost,
        &cpi->common.fc.nmvc,
        cpi->mb.e_mbd.allow_high_precision_mv, 1, 1);
  }
}

int vp9_block_error_c(int16_t *coeff, int16_t *dqcoeff, int block_size) {
  int i, error = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < block_size; i++) {
    int this_diff = coeff[i] - dqcoeff[i];
    error += this_diff * this_diff;
  }

  return error;
}

int vp9_mbblock_error_c(MACROBLOCK *mb) {
  BLOCK  *be;
  BLOCKD *bd;
  int i, j;
  int berror, error = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
    be = &mb->block[i];
    bd = &mb->e_mbd.block[i];
    berror = 0;
    for (j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
      int this_diff = be->coeff[j] - bd->dqcoeff[j];
      berror += this_diff * this_diff;
    }
    error += berror;
  }
  return error;
}

int vp9_mbuverror_c(MACROBLOCK *mb) {
  BLOCK  *be;
  BLOCKD *bd;

  int i, error = 0;

  for (i = 16; i < 24; i++) {
    be = &mb->block[i];
    bd = &mb->e_mbd.block[i];

    error += vp9_block_error_c(be->coeff, bd->dqcoeff, 16);
  }

  return error;
}

int vp9_uvsse(MACROBLOCK *x) {
  uint8_t *uptr, *vptr;
  uint8_t *upred_ptr = (*(x->block[16].base_src) + x->block[16].src);
  uint8_t *vpred_ptr = (*(x->block[20].base_src) + x->block[20].src);
  int uv_stride = x->block[16].src_stride;

  unsigned int sse1 = 0;
  unsigned int sse2 = 0;
  int mv_row = x->e_mbd.mode_info_context->mbmi.mv[0].as_mv.row;
  int mv_col = x->e_mbd.mode_info_context->mbmi.mv[0].as_mv.col;
  int offset;
  int pre_stride = x->e_mbd.block[16].pre_stride;

  if (mv_row < 0)
    mv_row -= 1;
  else
    mv_row += 1;

  if (mv_col < 0)
    mv_col -= 1;
  else
    mv_col += 1;

  mv_row /= 2;
  mv_col /= 2;

  offset = (mv_row >> 3) * pre_stride + (mv_col >> 3);
  uptr = x->e_mbd.pre.u_buffer + offset;
  vptr = x->e_mbd.pre.v_buffer + offset;

  if ((mv_row | mv_col) & 7) {
    vp9_sub_pixel_variance8x8(uptr, pre_stride, (mv_col & 7) << 1,
                              (mv_row & 7) << 1, upred_ptr, uv_stride, &sse2);
    vp9_sub_pixel_variance8x8(vptr, pre_stride, (mv_col & 7) << 1,
                              (mv_row & 7) << 1, vpred_ptr, uv_stride, &sse1);
    sse2 += sse1;
  } else {
    vp9_variance8x8(uptr, pre_stride, upred_ptr, uv_stride, &sse2);
    vp9_variance8x8(vptr, pre_stride, vpred_ptr, uv_stride, &sse1);
    sse2 += sse1;
  }
  return sse2;
}

static INLINE int cost_coeffs(VP9_COMMON *const cm, MACROBLOCK *mb,
                              int ib, PLANE_TYPE type,
                              ENTROPY_CONTEXT *a,
                              ENTROPY_CONTEXT *l,
                              TX_SIZE tx_size) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &mb->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mode_info_context->mbmi;
  const BLOCK_SIZE_TYPE sb_type = mbmi->sb_type;
  int pt;
  const int eob = xd->eobs[ib];
  int c = 0;
  int cost = 0;
  const int *scan;
  const int16_t *qcoeff_ptr = xd->qcoeff + ib * 16;
  const int ref = mbmi->ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME;
  const TX_TYPE tx_type = (sb_type == BLOCK_SIZE_MB16X16 &&
                           type == PLANE_TYPE_Y_WITH_DC) ?
                          get_tx_type(xd, &xd->block[ib]) : DCT_DCT;
  unsigned int (*token_costs)[PREV_COEF_CONTEXTS][MAX_ENTROPY_TOKENS] =
      mb->token_costs[tx_size][type][ref];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT a_ec, l_ec;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *const a1 = a +
      sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES)/sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT);
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *const l1 = l +
      sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES)/sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT);

#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
  int nzc_context = vp9_get_nzc_context(cm, xd, ib);
  unsigned int *nzc_cost;
#else
  int seg_eob;
  const int segment_id = xd->mode_info_context->mbmi.segment_id;
#endif

  // Check for consistency of tx_size with mode info
  if (type == PLANE_TYPE_Y_WITH_DC) {
    assert(xd->mode_info_context->mbmi.txfm_size == tx_size);
  } else {
    TX_SIZE tx_size_uv = get_uv_tx_size(xd);
    assert(tx_size == tx_size_uv);
  }

  switch (tx_size) {
    case TX_4X4:
      a_ec = *a;
      l_ec = *l;
      scan = vp9_default_zig_zag1d_4x4;
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
      nzc_cost = mb->nzc_costs_4x4[nzc_context][ref][type];
#else
      seg_eob = 16;
#endif
      if (type == PLANE_TYPE_Y_WITH_DC) {
        if (tx_type == ADST_DCT) {
          scan = vp9_row_scan_4x4;
        } else if (tx_type == DCT_ADST) {
          scan = vp9_col_scan_4x4;
        }
      }
      break;
    case TX_8X8:
      a_ec = (a[0] + a[1]) != 0;
      l_ec = (l[0] + l[1]) != 0;
      scan = vp9_default_zig_zag1d_8x8;
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
      nzc_cost = mb->nzc_costs_8x8[nzc_context][ref][type];
#else
      seg_eob = 64;
#endif
      break;
    case TX_16X16:
      scan = vp9_default_zig_zag1d_16x16;
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
      nzc_cost = mb->nzc_costs_16x16[nzc_context][ref][type];
#else
      seg_eob = 256;
#endif
      if (type == PLANE_TYPE_UV) {
        a_ec = (a[0] + a[1] + a1[0] + a1[1]) != 0;
        l_ec = (l[0] + l[1] + l1[0] + l1[1]) != 0;
      } else {
        a_ec = (a[0] + a[1] + a[2] + a[3]) != 0;
        l_ec = (l[0] + l[1] + l[2] + l[3]) != 0;
      }
      break;
    case TX_32X32:
      scan = vp9_default_zig_zag1d_32x32;
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
      nzc_cost = mb->nzc_costs_32x32[nzc_context][ref][type];
#else
      seg_eob = 1024;
#endif
      if (type == PLANE_TYPE_UV) {
        ENTROPY_CONTEXT *a2, *a3, *l2, *l3;
        a2 = a1 + sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES) / sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT);
        a3 = a2 + sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES) / sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT);
        l2 = l1 + sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES) / sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT);
        l3 = l2 + sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES) / sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT);
        a_ec = (a[0] + a[1] + a1[0] + a1[1] +
                a2[0] + a2[1] + a3[0] + a3[1]) != 0;
        l_ec = (l[0] + l[1] + l1[0] + l1[1] +
                l2[0] + l2[1] + l3[0] + l3[1]) != 0;
      } else {
        a_ec = (a[0] + a[1] + a[2] + a[3] +
                a1[0] + a1[1] + a1[2] + a1[3]) != 0;
        l_ec = (l[0] + l[1] + l[2] + l[3] +
                l1[0] + l1[1] + l1[2] + l1[3]) != 0;
      }
      break;
    default:
      abort();
      break;
  }

  VP9_COMBINEENTROPYCONTEXTS(pt, a_ec, l_ec);

#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT == 0
  if (vp9_segfeature_active(xd, segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP))
    seg_eob = 0;
#endif

  {
    int recent_energy = 0;
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
    int nzc = 0;
#endif
    for (; c < eob; c++) {
      int v = qcoeff_ptr[scan[c]];
      int t = vp9_dct_value_tokens_ptr[v].Token;
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
      nzc += (v != 0);
#endif
      cost += token_costs[get_coef_band(tx_size, c)][pt][t];
      cost += vp9_dct_value_cost_ptr[v];
      pt = vp9_get_coef_context(&recent_energy, t);
    }
#if CONFIG_CODE_NONZEROCOUNT
    cost += nzc_cost[nzc];
#else
    if (c < seg_eob)
      cost += mb->token_costs[tx_size][type][ref][get_coef_band(tx_size, c)]
          [pt][DCT_EOB_TOKEN];
#endif
  }

  // is eob first coefficient;
  pt = (c > 0);
  *a = *l = pt;
  if (tx_size >= TX_8X8) {
    a[1] = l[1] = pt;
    if (tx_size >= TX_16X16) {
      if (type == PLANE_TYPE_UV) {
        a1[0] = a1[1] = l1[0] = l1[1] = pt;
      } else {
        a[2] = a[3] = l[2] = l[3] = pt;
        if (tx_size >= TX_32X32) {
          a1[0] = a1[1] = a1[2] = a1[3] = pt;
          l1[0] = l1[1] = l1[2] = l1[3] = pt;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return cost;
}

static int rdcost_mby_4x4(VP9_COMMON *const cm, MACROBLOCK *mb, int backup) {
  int cost = 0;
  int b;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &mb->e_mbd;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES t_above, t_left;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl;

  if (backup) {
    vpx_memcpy(&t_above, xd->above_context, sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES));
    vpx_memcpy(&t_left, xd->left_context, sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES));

    ta = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)&t_above;
    tl = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)&t_left;
  } else {
    ta = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)xd->above_context;
    tl = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)xd->left_context;
  }

  for (b = 0; b < 16; b++)
    cost += cost_coeffs(cm, mb, b, PLANE_TYPE_Y_WITH_DC,
                        ta + vp9_block2above[TX_4X4][b],
                        tl + vp9_block2left[TX_4X4][b],
                        TX_4X4);

  return cost;
}

static void macro_block_yrd_4x4(VP9_COMMON *const cm,
                                MACROBLOCK *mb,
                                int *Rate,
                                int *Distortion,
                                int *skippable, int backup) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &mb->e_mbd;

  xd->mode_info_context->mbmi.txfm_size = TX_4X4;
  vp9_transform_mby_4x4(mb);
  vp9_quantize_mby_4x4(mb);

  *Distortion = vp9_mbblock_error(mb) >> 2;
  *Rate = rdcost_mby_4x4(cm, mb, backup);
  *skippable = vp9_mby_is_skippable_4x4(xd);
}

static int rdcost_mby_8x8(VP9_COMMON *const cm, MACROBLOCK *mb, int backup) {
  int cost = 0;
  int b;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &mb->e_mbd;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES t_above, t_left;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl;

  if (backup) {
    vpx_memcpy(&t_above,xd->above_context, sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES));
    vpx_memcpy(&t_left, xd->left_context, sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES));

    ta = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)&t_above;
    tl = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)&t_left;
  } else {
    ta = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)mb->e_mbd.above_context;
    tl = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)mb->e_mbd.left_context;
  }

  for (b = 0; b < 16; b += 4)
    cost += cost_coeffs(cm, mb, b, PLANE_TYPE_Y_WITH_DC,
                        ta + vp9_block2above[TX_8X8][b],
                        tl + vp9_block2left[TX_8X8][b],
                        TX_8X8);

  return cost;
}

static void macro_block_yrd_8x8(VP9_COMMON *const cm,
                                MACROBLOCK *mb,
                                int *Rate,
                                int *Distortion,
                                int *skippable, int backup) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &mb->e_mbd;

  xd->mode_info_context->mbmi.txfm_size = TX_8X8;
  vp9_transform_mby_8x8(mb);
  vp9_quantize_mby_8x8(mb);

  *Distortion = vp9_mbblock_error(mb) >> 2;
  *Rate = rdcost_mby_8x8(cm, mb, backup);
  *skippable = vp9_mby_is_skippable_8x8(xd);
}

static int rdcost_mby_16x16(VP9_COMMON *const cm, MACROBLOCK *mb, int backup) {
  int cost;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &mb->e_mbd;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES t_above, t_left;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta, *tl;

  if (backup) {
    vpx_memcpy(&t_above, xd->above_context, sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES));
    vpx_memcpy(&t_left, xd->left_context, sizeof(ENTROPY_CONTEXT_PLANES));

    ta = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)&t_above;
    tl = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)&t_left;
  } else {
    ta = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)xd->above_context;
    tl = (ENTROPY_CONTEXT *)xd->left_context;
  }

  cost = cost_coeffs(cm, mb, 0, PLANE_TYPE_Y_WITH_DC, ta, tl, TX_16X16);
  return cost;
}

static void macro_block_yrd_16x16(VP9_COMMON *const cm, MACROBLOCK *mb,
                                  int *Rate, int *Distortion,
                                  int *skippable, int backup) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &mb->e_mbd;

  xd->mode_info_context->mbmi.txfm_size = TX_16X16;
  vp9_transform_mby_16x16(mb);
  vp9_quantize_mby_16x16(mb);
  // TODO(jingning) is it possible to quickly determine whether to force
  //                trailing coefficients to be zero, instead of running trellis
  //                optimization in the rate-distortion optimization loop?
  if (mb->optimize &&
      xd->mode_info_context->mbmi.mode < I8X8_PRED)
    vp9_optimize_mby_16x16(cm, mb);

  *Distortion = vp9_mbblock_error(mb) >> 2;
  *Rate = rdcost_mby_16x16(cm, mb, backup);
  *skippable = vp9_mby_is_skippable_16x16(xd);
}

static void choose_txfm_size_from_rd(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                     int (*r)[2], int *rate,
                                     int *d, int *distortion,
                                     int *s, int *skip,
                                     int64_t txfm_cache[NB_TXFM_MODES],
                                     TX_SIZE max_txfm_size) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mode_info_context->mbmi;
  vp9_prob skip_prob = cm->mb_no_coeff_skip ?
                       vp9_get_pred_prob(cm, xd, PRED_MBSKIP) : 128;
  int64_t rd[TX_SIZE_MAX_SB][2];
  int n, m;

  for (n = TX_4X4; n <= max_txfm_size; n++) {
    r[n][1] = r[n][0];
    for (m = 0; m <= n - (n == max_txfm_size); m++) {
      if (m == n)
        r[n][1] += vp9_cost_zero(cm->prob_tx[m]);
      else
        r[n][1] += vp9_cost_one(cm->prob_tx[m]);
    }
  }

  if (cm->mb_no_coeff_skip) {
    int s0, s1;

    assert(skip_prob > 0);
    s0 = vp9_cost_bit(skip_prob, 0);
    s1 = vp9_cost_bit(skip_prob, 1);

    for (n = TX_4X4; n <= max_txfm_size; n++) {
      if (s[n]) {
        rd[n][0] = rd[n][1] = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, d[n]);
      } else {
        rd[n][0] = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, r[n][0] + s0, d[n]);
        rd[n][1] = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, r[n][1] + s0, d[n]);
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (n = TX_4X4; n <= max_txfm_size; n++) {
      rd[n][0] = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, r[n][0], d[n]);
      rd[n][1] = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, r[n][1], d[n]);
    }
  }

  if (max_txfm_size == TX_32X32 &&
      (cm->txfm_mode == ALLOW_32X32 ||
       (cm->txfm_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT &&
        rd[TX_32X32][1] < rd[TX_16X16][1] && rd[TX_32X32][1] < rd[TX_8X8][1] &&
        rd[TX_32X32][1] < rd[TX_4X4][1]))) {
    mbmi->txfm_size = TX_32X32;
  } else if ( cm->txfm_mode == ALLOW_16X16 ||
             (max_txfm_size == TX_16X16 && cm->txfm_mode == ALLOW_32X32) ||
             (cm->txfm_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT &&
              rd[TX_16X16][1] < rd[TX_8X8][1] &&
              rd[TX_16X16][1] < rd[TX_4X4][1])) {
    mbmi->txfm_size = TX_16X16;
  } else if (cm->txfm_mode == ALLOW_8X8 ||
           (cm->txfm_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT && rd[TX_8X8][1] < rd[TX_4X4][1])) {
    mbmi->txfm_size = TX_8X8;
  } else {
    assert(cm->txfm_mode == ONLY_4X4 || cm->txfm_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT);
    mbmi->txfm_size = TX_4X4;
  }

  *distortion = d[mbmi->txfm_size];
  *rate       = r[mbmi->txfm_size][cm->txfm_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT];
  *skip       = s[mbmi->txfm_size];

  txfm_cache[ONLY_4X4] = rd[TX_4X4][0];
  txfm_cache[ALLOW_8X8] = rd[TX_8X8][0];
  txfm_cache[ALLOW_16X16] = rd[TX_16X16][0];
  txfm_cache[ALLOW_32X32] = rd[max_txfm_size][0];
  if (max_txfm_size == TX_32X32 &&
      rd[TX_32X32][1] < rd[TX_16X16][1] && rd[TX_32X32][1] < rd[TX_8X8][1] &&
      rd[TX_32X32][1] < rd[TX_4X4][1])
    txfm_cache[TX_MODE_SELECT] = rd[TX_32X32][1];
  else if (rd[TX_16X16][1] < rd[TX_8X8][1] && rd[TX_16X16][1] < rd[TX_4X4][1])
    txfm_cache[TX_MODE_SELECT] = rd[TX_16X16][1];
  else
    txfm_cache[TX_MODE_SELECT] = rd[TX_4X4][1] < rd[TX_8X8][1] ?
                                 rd[TX_4X4][1] : rd[TX_8X8][1];
}

static void macro_block_yrd(VP9_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int *rate,
                            int *distortion, int *skippable,
                            int64_t txfm_cache[NB_TXFM_MODES]) {
  VP9_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int r[TX_SIZE_MAX_MB][2], d[TX_SIZE_MAX_MB], s[TX_SIZE_MAX_MB];

  vp9_subtract_mby(x->src_diff, *(x->block[0].base_src), xd->predictor,
                   x->block[0].src_stride);

  macro_block_yrd_16x16(cm, x, &r[TX_16X16][0], &d[TX_16X16], &s[TX_16X16], 1);
  macro_block_yrd_8x8(cm, x, &r[TX_8X8][0], &d[TX_8X8], &s[TX_8X8], 1);
  macro_block_yrd_4x4(cm, x, &r[TX_4X4][0], &d[TX_4X4], &s[TX_4X4], 1);

  choose_txfm_size_from_rd(cpi, x, r, rate, d, distortion, s, skippable,
                           txfm_cache, TX_16X16);
}

static void copy_predictor(uint8_t *dst, const uint8_t *predictor) {
  const unsigned int *p = (const unsigned int *)predictor;
  unsigned int *d = (unsigned int *)dst;
  d[0] = p[0];
  d[4] = p[4];
  d[8] = p[8];
  d[12] = p[12];
}